Hexagram 15:

qiānauthenticity, modesty, respectfulness

Upper TrigramEarth
Lower TrigramMountain

Judgment

qiānauthenticity, modesty, respectfulness
hēngfulfillment, satisfaction, success, completion
jūnnoble, worthy, honored
young one, heir, disciple
yǒuhas, finds, learns, attains, gets; is, will be
zhōngresults, limits, ends, closure; finite, complete

Modesty creates success. The superior man carries things through. Modesty is not weakness but a law that creates lasting success by inviting support rather than resistance.

Image

the earth, ground, land, world
zhōngwithin, inside
yǒuis, there is held, contained
shānmountain
qiānauthenticity
jūnnoble, worthy, honored
young one, heir, disciple
accordingly, therefore, thus
shuāidiminishes, decreases, reduces, lessens
duōthe plentiful, excessive; too much, many
fills up, adds to, increases, augments
guǎthe deficient, insufficient, inadequate, few
chēngassessing, appraising, weighing, evaluating
beings, things, the outer worldly affairs
píngwith fair, even, level, just, equitable
shīapportionment, distribution, allocation

Within the earth, a mountain: the image of Modesty. Thus the superior man reduces what is too much and augments what is too little. He weighs things and makes them equal.

Digital Artifact

Woz's Apple II Design Philosophy

Steve Wozniak (1977)

Wozniak could have designed the Apple II to be impressive—maximum chips, complex architecture, showing off technical prowess. Instead he designed it to be elegant. Minimum chips. Clean lines. Eight expansion slots (unprecedented modesty—letting others add capabilities rather than claiming to provide everything). Earth (humble restraint) above Mountain (keeping still, reducing complexity). Where other engineers added, Woz subtracted. Where others commanded high prices, he pushed for affordability. The manual started with an apology for anything unclear. This wasn't weakness—this was modesty as functional design principle. The mountains hide their mass beneath the earth's surface. The Apple II hid its complexity beneath interface simplicity. It succeeded not despite modesty but because of it. The classical law: heaven empties the full and fills the modest. The Apple II sold for decades. The showier competitors faded.

Historical Context

Period
Zhou Dynasty
Oracle Bone Etymology
Earth (☷) above, Mountain (☶) below—the mountain (height) hidden beneath earth (lowliness). High and low complement, creating the plain.
Traditional Use
The classical text describes modesty as the law of heaven, earth, and fate: the full is emptied, the modest is filled. Mountains wear down, valleys fill up. The modest cannot be passed by.

Lines

Line 1: 謙謙君子用涉大川吉

qiānauthentically, genuinely
qiānand, in modesty, respectfulness
jūnin, is noble, worthy, honored
young one, heir, disciple
yòngit, this is useful, practical, helpful, reliable
shèto, in cross, ford, ferry, venturing
the great, big, major
chuānstream, river, current, waters
promising, auspicious, opportune, hopeful

Line 2: 鳴謙貞吉

míngproclaim, express, announce, calling; vocal
qiānauthenticity, modesty
zhēnpersistence, determination, resolve
is promising, auspicious, opportune, timely

Line 3: 勞謙君子有終吉

láodiligence, hard working, labor
qiānand, in modesty, respectful, authenticity
jūnin, is noble, worthy, honored
young one, heir, disciple
yǒuhave, find, learn, attain, getting; being
zhōngresults, limits, ends, closure; finite, complete
promising, auspicious, fortunate, hopeful

Line 4: 無不利撝謙

without; there is nothing
doubt; that is not; which cannot be
worthwhile, turned to advantageous
huīwith, to candid; wave, flying the banner
qiānof authenticity, modesty

Line 5: 不富以其鄰利用侵伐無不利

there is no, not much; without, with no
enrichment, wealth, prosperity
making use of, by way of, due to
one's, this, these
línneighbors, neighborhood, connections
it is worthwhile, beneficial, gainful
yòngand useful, productive, practical
qīnto occupy, appropriate, invade, raid, campaign against
and subjugate, subordinate, chastise, punish
without; there is nothing
doubt; that is not; which cannot be
worthwhile, turned to advantageous

Line 6: 鳴謙利用行師征邑國

míngproclaiming, expressing, announcing, calling
qiānauthenticity, modesty
it is worthwhile, rewarding, gainful
yòngand useful, productive, practical
xíngto move, advance, mobilize, deploy
shīthe militia, military, reserves, army
zhēngto advance on, upon; discipline, subjugate
home town, village, community, district
guóand province, domain, realm, region

Practical Guidance

You're good at what you do and you know it. The question is how that knowledge manifests. Here's what this probably means: you can build with maximum complexity or you can build with sophisticated restraint. Wozniak had the technical chops to design the Apple II as a showpiece—prove his mastery, make something only he could understand. Instead he did the opposite. Reduced the chip count from industry standard to bare minimum. Created eight expansion slots so others could extend what he built. Pushed for affordability. Apologized in the manual for anything unclear. Chips were expensive in 1977, but Woz's minimalism wasn't just cost-cutting—it was design philosophy. One engineer who saw his disk controller said it was 'so simple, so elegant,' doing in software what others did with massive chip counts. Woz wanted 'minimum board space, minimum chip number.' The mountain—profound technical capability—hidden beneath earth. Humble presentation. The classical text: when a man in high position remains modest, he shines with wisdom's light. When in low position and modest, he cannot be passed by. Your version: competence plus humility creates conditions for success that competence plus arrogance destroys. The senior engineer who still says 'I don't know' when they don't know. The expert who makes their expertise accessible instead of gatekeeping it. The architect who designs for maintainability by others instead of clever complexity only they understand. The key move: reduce that which is too much, augment that which is too little. Woz reduced chip count, augmented expandability. You reduce your ego's presence in the design, augment the system's usability by others. You reduce complexity, augment clarity. This isn't dumbing down—it's sophisticated restraint. The Apple II's eight slots said: 'I don't know what you'll need to add, so I'm making room for your additions.' That's modesty as functional superiority. The failure mode: confusing modesty with false humility or hiding capability. The classical law is precise: heaven empties the full and fills the modest. This isn't mysticism—it's systems dynamics. Overbuilt systems collapse under their own weight. Modest systems find support and persist. Woz built modestly and the Apple II sold for decades while showier competitors faded. Genuine modesty makes itself show in reality.

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