Hexagram 15: 謙
qiān — authenticity, modesty, respectfulness
Judgment
Modesty creates success. The superior man carries things through. Modesty is not weakness but a law that creates lasting success by inviting support rather than resistance.
Image
Within the earth, a mountain: the image of Modesty. Thus the superior man reduces what is too much and augments what is too little. He weighs things and makes them equal.
Digital Artifact
Woz's Apple II Design Philosophy
Steve Wozniak (1977)
Wozniak could have designed the Apple II to be impressive—maximum chips, complex architecture, showing off technical prowess. Instead he designed it to be elegant. Minimum chips. Clean lines. Eight expansion slots (unprecedented modesty—letting others add capabilities rather than claiming to provide everything). Earth (humble restraint) above Mountain (keeping still, reducing complexity). Where other engineers added, Woz subtracted. Where others commanded high prices, he pushed for affordability. The manual started with an apology for anything unclear. This wasn't weakness—this was modesty as functional design principle. The mountains hide their mass beneath the earth's surface. The Apple II hid its complexity beneath interface simplicity. It succeeded not despite modesty but because of it. The classical law: heaven empties the full and fills the modest. The Apple II sold for decades. The showier competitors faded.
Historical Context
- Period
- Zhou Dynasty
- Oracle Bone Etymology
- Earth (☷) above, Mountain (☶) below—the mountain (height) hidden beneath earth (lowliness). High and low complement, creating the plain.
- Traditional Use
- The classical text describes modesty as the law of heaven, earth, and fate: the full is emptied, the modest is filled. Mountains wear down, valleys fill up. The modest cannot be passed by.
Lines
Line 1: 謙謙君子用涉大川吉
Line 2: 鳴謙貞吉
Line 3: 勞謙君子有終吉
Line 4: 無不利撝謙
Line 5: 不富以其鄰利用侵伐無不利
Line 6: 鳴謙利用行師征邑國
Practical Guidance
Get an interactive reading with this hexagram
Try the Oracle →